Research Article

Microbiological Quality of Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) Sold in Selected Markets Across Bwari Area Council, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria: Public Health Implications

Abstract

Background: Periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscatus) is a widely consumed seafood and an important protein source in Nigeria, particularly in inland urban markets. However, microbial contamination during harvesting, transportation, and retail handling poses significant public health risks. Limited microbiological data exist for inland markets in the Federal Capital Territory. This study sought to isolate, quantify, and characterise pathogenic microorganisms present in periwinkle samples sold across three major markets in Bwari Area Council, Abuja. Methods: A total of 60 periwinkle samples were randomly purchased from Dutse Market (DM), Bwari Central Market (BM), and Sabon-Gari Market (SGM). Standard microbiological methods including serial dilution, spread-plate technique, and biochemical characterisation (Gram staining, catalase, coagulase, citrate, indole, urease, TSI, and motility tests) were employed in accordance with Cheesbrough (2005). Fungal isolates were identified using morphological and microscopic examination guided by Barnett and Hunter (1992). Results: Total bacterial counts (TBC) ranged from 2.73 × 107 to 8.3 × 109 CFU/mL, with the highest load recorded at Dutse Market (DM2: 8.3 × 107 CFU/mL). Six bacterial genera were isolated: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. Fungal isolates included Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. The presence of faecal indicator bacteria and recognised foodborne pathogens confirms significant contamination risk. Conclusion: Periwinkle samples from all three Bwari Area Council markets harboured multiple pathogenic and indicator microorganisms at levels exceeding acceptable food safety thresholds. Strict enforcement of hygiene standards along the entire supply chain from harvest to retail is urgently required to protect public health.